TL;DR Architecture At high level: Global Traffic Routing (Geo DNS / Anycast) Edge Layer (CDN + WAF + Rate Limiting) Load Balancers (L4 + L7) Stateless App Tier (autoscaled microservices) Multi layer Caching (edge, distributed, local) Data Layer (sharded DB + replicas + queue based writes) Async Processing (Kafka / stream workers) Observability + Auto healing 1) Capacity Planning First (Quick Math) Never start with boxes and arrow...