I have been thinking a lot about the actual limits of AI-driven scientific discovery, specifically how we evaluate models when they are proposing genuinely new hypotheses where no "answer key" exists. When we test LLMs on standard benchmarks, we have a clean dataset with known solutions. But if we task a frontier model with proposing a novel chemical compound for carbon capture, or finding an undocumented biological pathway, there is literally no ground truth in the literature. The...